St Vincent and the Grenadines is home to an active volcano, La Soufrière. Located at the north end of St Vincent island, it is 1,234 metres high, and is classified as a stratovolcano, or composite volcano, meaning that its layers have built up over a number of eruptions, characterised by its steep sides.
The volcano has erupted regularly since 1718, most recently in 1979. An eruption in 1902 caused a catastrophic loss of life, and most of the 1,680 victims were Caribs, causing the destruction of much of Carib culture. Geologists were able to give a warning of the last eruption in 1979, and fortunately this prevented any deaths.
The 1812 eruption was immortalized by JMW Turner in a painting of spectacular energy and vibrant colour. This particular eruption coincided with others – St George in the West Indies, and Mount Etna in Sicily, and the accumulation of volcanic ash and gas had the effect of producing stunning sunsets all over Europe. This accumulation also caused climate cooling because it blocked out the sun. In addition, the period between 1500 and 1850 was known as a Little Ice Age, so temperatures were already cool. These eruptions therefore helped to cause the icy weather conditions in Russia where Napoleon was leading his invading French force in 1812, and led directly to his defeat. Today organised hikes take visitors up to see the breathtaking views from the top of La Soufrière and the lake in its crater.
As well as the volcanic history of St Vincent, the other geological interest is the coral reefs, particularly in the marine park off the islands of Tobago Cays. Coral reefs are sometimes called the ‘rainforests of the sea’, and are home to a bewildering variety of species, including over 300 kinds of fish. Unfortunately, these diverse ecosystems are fragile, and can be damaged by bad weather and pollution. The reefs in St Vincent and the Grenadines have started to deteriorate with the increase in tourism, and the impact of Hurricane Tomas. Fortunately the area by Tobago Cays has been declared a conservation area, which should mean that further damage is limited.
